Top References Discussed in Biblical Theologies

An earlier post discussed how systematic theologies use the Bible to discuss the classic topics of systematic theology. We looked at the most frequent references found in contexts discussing the primary topics of systematic theology. It was a popular post at theLAB, and Christianity Today even interacted with us by asking several prominent theologians what they thought about the results.

It’s no surprise that theologians were disappointed at the lack of interaction with the Old Testament. Two commenters, Kevin Vanhoozer and Michael Allen, noted dismay specifically that Exodus 34:6–7 is not included in the top 100 list. My guess is that Vanhoozer and Allen (as well as Craig Keener, John Stackhouse, Michael Bird, William Dyrness, and others) will be pleasantly surprised with the reference data from Biblical theologies.

Biblical theologies are a slightly different class of theology resource that more directly associate the biblical witness with theological insight and conclusions.

As was done with systematic theologies, Faithlife has analyzed Bible reference citations in Biblical theology resources, and categorized the context of citation with the classic systematic theological categories.

Classic Systematic Theology Categories

• Theology Proper: The study of the being, attributes, and works of God
• Bibliology: The study of the Bible
• Christology: The study of Christ
• Pneumatology: The study of the Holy Spirit
• Soteriology: The study of salvation
• Anthropology: The study of humanity
• Angelology: The study of angels
• Demonology: The study of demons
• Hamartiology: The study of sin
• Ecclesiology: The study of the church
• Eschatology: The study of the last things

As with the systematic theologies, the Biblical theologies were further categorized according to a resource grouping, but it wasn’t by denominational group. While some Biblical theologies interact with the whole Bible, many focus on particular areas, such as Old Testament, New Testament, Johannine Literature, Lukan Literature, Psalms, and the like. So we used resource groupings based on corpus or sub-corpus of the Bible. We also included “Reference” and “Thematic” groupings.

Each resource had its group categorized. This means that, starting from a Bible reference, one can examine the use of the reference in Biblical theologies by topic and resource grouping. At the time of this post, over 670,000 references in nearly 200 Biblical theology resources have been categorized.

The earlier post on systematic theologies examined how references were used and classified in systematic theologies. Let’s do this again, only for Biblical theologies, and compare and contrast with the systematic theologies classifications along the way.

First, here are the top 10 most frequently cited references in Biblical theologies:

1. John 1:14 (796x)
2. Genesis 12:3 (785x)
3. Genesis 1:28 (751x)
4. Jeremiah 31:33 (703x)
5. Jeremiah 31:34 (628x)
6. Exodus 34:6 (579x)
7. Genesis 12:2 (577x)
8. Galatians 2:20 (571x)
9. Genesis 1:26 (560x)
10. Romans 3:25 (550x)

What is immediately striking to me is the frequency of Old Testament references. Systematic theologies had nine OT references in the top 100.  In Biblical theologies, seven of the top ten references are from the Old Testament, and 29 of the top 100. Systematic theologies had no Galatians references in the top 100; Biblical theologies have Galatians 2:20 at spot eight.

The data raised some pressing questions: why are passages such as Genesis 12:2–3 or Exodus 34:6 so important to Biblical theology? Let’s explore this phenomenon a bit further through the data.

What references should my Biblical Theology use?

The classifier used in the construction of the Biblical theologies dataset is based on human categorization of a sample dataset. That was used as training data to train the classifier to categorize the context of each reference encountered. The classifier categorized (at time of writing) 673,632 references found in Biblical theology resources.

Here is what you are going to see below: how the references are distributed; what references are most frequent for a particular topic of theology; and how these references compare with the systematic theology classification.

Theology Proper (Genesis 12:3)

This is all about “Theology,” the study of God. But Theology Proper is that portion of theology which focuses on the doctrine of God himself. The most frequent reference is Genesis 12:3, but Genesis 12:2 comes in at number three, so we’ll include both of those: “And I will make you a great nation, and I will bless you, and I will make your name great. And you will be a blessing. And I will bless those who bless you, and those who curse you I will curse. And all families of the earth will be blessed in you.” These verses speak volumes about God’s relationship with humanity, and humankind’s relationship with God. Here are top five:

1. Genesis 12:3 (678x)
2. Genesis 1:28 (629x)
3. Genesis 12:2 (528x)
4. Exodus 34:6 (524x)
5. Exodus 34:7 (445x)

In a remarkable contrast, the systematic theology list only had one OT reference (Genesis 1:26), at spot 4; the balance were from the NT (with Romans 1:20 most frequently referenced).

Bibliology (2 Peter 1:21)

Despite the moniker “Biblical” theology, our classifier wasn’t able to ascertain too many references made in the clear context of Bibliology (the doctrine of Scripture). Even more interesting, the expected 2 Timothy 3:16 reference, number one by a long shot in systematic theologies, didn’t break the top 10. Instead, 2 Peter 1:21 took top spot: “for no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men carried along by the Holy Spirit spoke from God.”

Notably, the top five references are dominated by Revelation, which was non-existent in the systematic theologies classification:

1. 2 Peter 1:21 (27x)
2. Revelation 11:1 (26x)
3. Revelation 11:2 (24x)
4. Revelation 22:19 (22x)
5. Revelation 3:5; Revelation 22:18 (21x, tied)

Revelation 22:18–19, containing warnings about adding to or taking away from the content of the book, makes total sense here. I’m unsure why Revelation 11:1–2 showed up here; maybe the classifier requires more training data to better discern Bibliology references.

Christology (John 1:14)

With Christology, we have the first instance of the most frequent Biblical theology reference for a topic matching the most frequent systematic theology reference for a topic, John 1:14: “And the Word became flesh and took up residence among us, and we saw his glory, glory as of the one and only from the Father, full of grace and truth.” Christology is, obviously, the doctrine of Christ. Here are the top 5:

1. John 1:14 (642x)
2. Galatians 2:20 (491x)
3. Romans 1:4 (457x)
4. John 3:16 (423x)
5. Romans 3:25 (415x)

John 3:16 is present in both lists (number three in systematic theologies), again reflecting the general dictum that appealing to John 3:16 is usually a good idea.

Pneumatology (John 15:26)

Pneumatology is the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. The most frequent reference is John 15:26 (which is number three in systematic theologies): “When the Advocate comes, whom I will send to you from the Father—the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the Father—that one will testify about me.” This makes perfect sense to include. But Biblical theologies also include references from Romans 8 and even Joel 2:28 (which is quoted in Peter’s Pentecost sermon, recorded in Acts 2).

1. John 15:26 (91x)
2. Romans 8:15 (88x)
3. Romans 8:9 (87x)
4. Joel 2:28 (83x)
5. John 14:26 (79x)

Systematic theologies’ most frequent reference, John 14:26, clocks in at number five here.

Soteriology (Ephesians 1:4)

Soteriology is the doctrine of salvation, and both Biblical theologies and systematic theologies seem to agree that Ephesians 1:4 is a great verse to use when discussing the topic: “just as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before him in love.” Note that Ephesians 1:5, which completes the thought of verse 4, is at number four (number five in systematic theologies): “having predestined us to adoption through Jesus Christ to himself according to the good pleasure of his will.” The top five are:

1. Ephesians 1:4 (58x)
2. Romans 8:29 (49x)
3. Romans 8:30 (35x)
4. Ephesians 1:5 (30x)
5. 2 Timothy 1:9 (29x)

Four of five references match the systematic theologies list. The difference is 2 Timothy 1:9, “who saved us and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works but according to his own purpose and grace that was given to us in Christ Jesus before time began.” Systematic theologies instead include John 3:16, which is generally applicable to all sorts of situations.

Anthropology (Daniel 7:13)

Daniel, Genesis, and John are books commonly referred to when discussing Anthropology (the doctrine of people). The top two Biblical theology references classified in the context of Anthropology are Daniel 7:13–14: “I continued watching in the visions of the night, and look, with the clouds of heaven one like a son of man was coming, and he came to the Ancient of Days, and was presented before him. And to him was given dominion and glory and kingship that all the peoples, the nations, and languages would serve him; his dominion is a dominion without end that will not cease, and his kingdom is one that will not be destroyed.” The top five list:

1. Daniel 7:13 (238x)
2. Daniel 7:14 (137x)
3. Genesis 1:27 (93x)
4. Genesis 2:7 (82x)
5. John 3:16 (71x)

The Daniel references don’t make much sense to me in the context of Anthropology. I suspect this is due to an inadequacy in the classifier when encountering “man” in the phrase “son of man.”

Angelology (Hebrews 1:5–6)

Apparently the classifier did not find many Angelology references among the Biblical theology resources classified for this dataset. The counts are too low and too scattered to include any significant commentary. My guess is that more training data needs to be generated in order to handle this shortcoming.

However, Hebrews 1:5 and Hebrews 1:6 tied for the top spot, so it’s worth mentioning them here: “For to which of the angels did he ever say, ‘You are my son, today I have begotten you,’ and again, ‘I will be his father, and he will be my son’? And again, when he brings the firstborn into the world, he says, ‘And let all the angels of God worship him’.”

Demonology (Revelation 20:9–10)

As with Angelology, the classifier did not isolate many Demonology references within the specified Biblical theology resources. But two references at the top of the list included Revelation 20:9–10: “And they went up on the broad plain of the earth and surrounded the fortified camp of the saints and the beloved city, and fire came down from heaven and consumed them. And the devil who deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and sulphur, where the beast and the false prophet also are, and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever. ”

Hamartiology (Romans 5:12)

Romans 5:12 is the most frequent reference in contexts discussing the doctrine of sin (Hamartiology), matching the top spot in the systematic theologies list for Hamartiology. However, the top seven references reflect Romans 5:12–20 (there’s a three-way tie at spot 5).

Here’s Romans 5:12: “Because of this, just as sin entered into the world through one man, and death through sin, so also death spread to all people because all sinned.”

1. Romans 5:12 (101x)
2. Romans 5:13 (45x)
3. Romans 5:14 (44x)
4. Romans 5:18 (38x)
5. Romans 5:19; Romans 5:20; Romans 7:7 (36x)
6. Romans 5:17 (31x)
7. Romans 5:16 (29x)

Romans 5 has long been the go-to spot for discussion of the nature and implications of sin; this appears to have been wholeheartedly picked up by Biblical theologians.

Ecclesiology (Genesis 2:3)

Ecclesiology is the doctrine of the Church. In systematic theologies, the reference most frequently appealed to is Matthew 16:18, a verse about Peter as the rock and foundation of the church.

But perhaps Genesis 2:3 is a bit more foundational, centered on the seventh day of creation: “And God blessed the seventh day, and he sanctified it, because on it he rested from all his work of creating that there was to do.” Here are the other references:

1. Genesis 2:3 (67x)
2. 1 Corinthians 12:28 (49x)
3. 1 Timothy 5:17 (43x)
4. Titus 1:7 (39x)
5. Acts 20:28; 1 Timothy 3:2 (35x)

From the above references, discussion of Ecclesiology in Biblical theologies appears to focus on roles within the church (overseers, deacons) instead of systematic theologies’ focus on the establishment of the church.

Eschatology (Daniel 12:1)

Eschatology is the doctrine of last things. As with the systematic theology references in eschatological contexts, the frequency numbers of references in Biblical theologies seems anecdotally low.

References for Biblical theologies, however, are focused on Daniel, with Daniel 12:1 the most frequent: “Now at that time, Michael, the great prince, will arise, the protector over the sons of your people, and it will be a time of distress that has not been since your people have been a nation until that time. And at that time your people will escape, everyone who is found written in the scroll.” There is a four-way tie at spot four, and a three-way tie at spot five.

1. Daniel 12:1 (39x)
2. Daniel 9:27 (36x)
3. Daniel 7:25 (23x)
4. Numbers 24:5; Daniel 7:14; Daniel 9:26; Daniel 12:2 (19x)
5. Isaiah 2:2; 1 John 2:18; Revelation 7:14 (18x)

Systematic theologies seem more focused on Revelation (Revelation 20:4, 10, 12, 14) and Matthew (Matthew 19:28; 25:46) with the obvious candidate, 1 Thessalonians 4:17, included as well. None of these, however, show up as most frequently referenced in Biblical theologies.

Biblical theologies, however, appeal to Numbers 24:5 as an eschatological reference (which is a bit mysterious to me), but Isaiah 2:2 seems well-placed.

Are some Bible books referenced more frequently than others?

With systematic theologies, we saw that early portions of Genesis as well as the Paulines, Matthew, and Psalms were very frequently referenced. How are the references within Biblical theologies distributed? As with systematic theologies, here’s an altogether too small chart representing reference distribution in Biblical theologies:

The order of the bottom axis is the reference according to the Protestant canon, Genesis through Revelation without the deuterocanon/apocrypha. As with systematic theologies, there are hot spots in the beginning of Genesis, Matthew, and particularly the Paulines.

But unlike systematic theologies, there appear to be more frequent spikes throughout the Old Testament material. And there appears to be more relative use of material in the major and minor prophets.

So if you’re writing a Biblical theology, make sure to remember the major and minor prophets — and don’t forget to begin your discussion with Genesis, and support your position with Paul.

Top 100 References Found in Biblical Theology Resources

To finish off this post, here is the list, sorted by popularity, of the top 100 references found in Biblical theology resources. Old Testament passages are in bold so they’re a little more visible when scanning the list.

1. John 1:14 796
2. Genesis 12:3 785
3. Genesis 1:28 751
4. Jeremiah 31:33 703
5. Jeremiah 31:34 628
6. Exodus 34:6 579
7. Genesis 12:2 577
8. Galatians 2:20 571
9. Genesis 1:26 560
10. Romans 3:25 550
11. Romans 1:4 545
12. John 1:1 540
13. Romans 8:3 537
14. Genesis 1:27 536
15. Daniel 7:13 533
16. John 3:16 528
17. Jeremiah 31:31 515
18. Galatians 4:4 513
19. Galatians 3:13 510
20. Galatians 3:14 505
21. John 1:18 504
22. Jeremiah 31:32 502
23. Exodus 19:6 490
24. Romans 1:3 487
25. Exodus 34:7 483
26. Galatians 3:28 480
27. 2 Corinthians 5:17 478
28. Psalm 2:7 473
29. Genesis 12:1 472
30. Galatians 2:16 472
31. Psalm 110:1 466
32. Matthew 28:19 459
33. Acts 1:8 456
34. Mark 10:45 452
35. Hebrews 1:3 449
36. 1 Corinthians 15:3 448
37. Matthew 28:20 438
38. 2 Corinthians 5:21 436
39. Romans 8:29 429
40. Galatians 4:6 423
41. Exodus 19:5 422
42. Romans 3:24 421
43. Romans 8:23 415
44. Isaiah 42:1 409
45. Romans 1:17 408
46. John 20:31 404
47. Romans 2:29 401
48. Hebrews 1:2 397
49. Isaiah 61:1 396
50. Romans 1:16 396
51. Romans 8:11 395
52. Galatians 3:10 385
53. Galatians 4:5 378
54. 1 Corinthians 8:6 374
55. Ezekiel 36:26 368
56. Isaiah 49:6 364
57. Romans 8:15 363
58. Daniel 7:14 362
59. Genesis 15:6 361
60. Romans 8:4 361
61. Isaiah 53:12 359
62. Romans 3:26 356
63. Ezekiel 36:27 353
64. Isaiah 2:3 346
65. Isaiah 2:2 342
66. Romans 11:26 342
67. Romans 10:9 340
68. Joel 2:28 339
69. Galatians 5:6 339
70. Galatians 1:4 334
71. Romans 4:25 333
72. Romans 6:4 326
73. Romans 9:5 324
74. Galatians 3:26 322
75. Romans 3:22 321
76. Genesis 3:15 320
77. Romans 3:21 317
78. John 15:26 314
79. Galatians 3:29 314
80. Galatians 6:15 313
81. Philippians 3:21 313
82. 1 Thessalonians 1:10 312
83. Romans 5:9 311
84. Philippians 2:11 311
85. Galatians 3:11 310
86. John 20:22 307
87. Matthew 28:18 306
88. Romans 2:27 306
89. 2 Corinthians 5:19 305
90. Galatians 3:12 305
91. Romans 8:2 304
92. Romans 12:2 301
93. Philippians 3:9 300
94. Colossians 1:16 297
95. Romans 2:28 296
96. Romans 3:20 296
97. Romans 2:26 295
98. Galatians 3:27 295
99. Mark 1:15 294
100. Galatians 3:22 294

See any interesting connections or implications? Keep the discussion going in the comments.

And check out these two great articles on Biblical theologies:

1. 10 Fascinating Questions Answered by Biblical Theology
2. 3 Ways Biblical Theology Will Change Your Bible Study

Rick Brannan is the general editor of the Lexham English Septuagint and the translator of The Apostolic Fathers in English. He also translated and edited Greek Apocryphal Gospels, Fragments, and Agrapha. He is author of the New Testament portion of the Lexham Textual Notes on the Bible. He recently published Lexical Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles: First Timothy and Second Timothy: Notes on Grammar, Syntax, and Structure. He is currently working on the Second Timothy volume for the Lexical Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles as well as a discourse analysis of the Pastoral Epistles. His personal web site is RickBrannan.com; you can follow him on Twitter at @RickBrannan.

Rick manages the Content Innovation department at Faithlife, a team focused on original language analysis, reverse interlinear textual alignments, and creation and analysis of Bible data. He lives in Bellingham, WA with his wife, Amy, and their children Ella, Lucas, and Josiah.